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- Coca-Cola and its Evolution
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- The Coca-Cola company started out as an insignificant one man business and over the last one
- hundred and ten years it has grown into one of the largest companies in the world. The first operator of
- the company was Dr. John Pemberton and the current operator is Roberto Goizueta. Without societies
- help, Coca-Cola could not have become over a 50 billion dollar business.
- Coca-Cola was invented by Dr. John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist. He concocted the
- formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard on May 8, 1886. He mixed a combination of lime,
- cinnamon, coca leaves, and the seeds of a Brazilian shrub to make the fabulous beverage(Things go better
- with Coke 14). Coca-Cola debuted in Atlanta's largest pharmacy, Jacob's Pharmacy, as a five cent non-
- carbonated beverage. Later on, the carbonated water was added to the syrup to make the beverage that we
- know today as Coca-Cola.
- Coca-Cola was originally used as a nerve and brain tonic and a medical elixir. Coca-Cola was
- named by Frank Robinson, one of Pemberton's close friends, he also penned the famous Coca-Cola logo in
- unique script. Dr. John Pemberton sold a portion of the Coca-Cola company to Asa Candler, after
- Pemberton's death the remainder was sold to Candler. Pemberton was forced to sell because he was in a
- state of poor health and was in debt. He had paid $76.96 for advertising, but he only made $50.00 in
- profits. Candler acquired the whole company for $2,300(Coca-Cola multiple pages).
- Candler achieved a lot during his time as owner of the company. On January 31, 1893, the
- famous Coca-Cola formula was patented. He also opened the first syrup manufacturing plant in 1884.
- His great achievement was large scale bottling of Coca-Cola in 1899. In 1915, The Root Glass Company
- made the contour bottle for the Coca-Cola company. Candler aggressively advertised Coca-Cola in
- newspapers and on billboards. In the newspapers, he would give away coupons for a free Coke at any
- fountain. Coca-Cola was sold after the Prohibition Era to Ernest Woodruff for 25 million dollars. He
- gave Coca-Cola to his son, Robert Woodruff, who would be president for six decades(Facts, Figures, and
- Features Multiple pages).
- Robert Woodruff was an influential man in Atlanta because of his contributions to area colleges,
- universities, businesses and organizations. When he made a contribution, he would never leave his name,
- this is how he became to be known as "Mr. Anonymous." Woodruff introduced the six bottle carton in
- 1923. He also made Coca-Cola available through vending machine in 1929, that same year, the Coca-
- Cola bell glass was made available. He started advertising on the radio in the 1930s and on the television
- in 1950. Currently Coca-Cola is advertised on over five hundred TV channels around the world. In 1931,
- he introduced the Coke Santa as a Christmas promotion and it caught on. Candler also introduced the
- twelve ounce Coke can in 1960. The Coca-Cola contour bottle was patented in 1977. The two liter bottle
- was introduced in 1978, the same year the company also introduced plastic bottles(Coca-Cola multiple
- pages).
- Woodruff did have one dubious distinction, he raised the syrup prices for distributors. But he
- improved efficiency at every step of the manufacturing process. Woodruff also increased productivity by
- improving the sales department, emphasizing quality control, and beginning large-scale advertising and
- promotional campaigns. Woodruff made Coke available in every state of the Union through the soda
- fountain. For all of these achievements he earned the name, "The Boss"(Facts, Figures, and Features
- Multiple pages).
- In 1985, the Coca-Cola Company made what has been known as one of the biggest marketing
- blunder. The Coca-Cola company stumbled onto the new formula in efforts to produce diet Coke. They
- put forth 4 million dollars of research to come up with the new formula. The decision to change their
- formula and pull the old Coke off the market came about because taste tests showed a distinct preference
- for the new formula. The new formula was a sweeter variation with less tang, it was also slightly
- smoother(Demott 54).
- Robert Woodruff's death was a large contributor to the change because he stated that he would
- never change Coca-Cola's formula. Another factor that influenced the change was that Coke's market
- share fell 2.5 percent in four years. Each percentage point lost or gain meant 200 million dollars. A
- financial analyst said, "Coke's market share fell from 24.3 percent in 1980 to 21.8 percent in
- 1984"(Things go better with Coke 14). This was the first flavor change since the existence of the Coca-
- Cola company.
- The change was announced April 23, 1985 at the Vivian Beaumont Theater at the Lincoln
- Center. Some two hundred TV and newspaper reporters attended this very glitzy announcement. It
- included a question and answer session, a history of Coca-Cola, and many other elements(Oliver 131).
- The debut was accompanied by an advertising campaign that revived the Coca-Cola theme song of the
- early 1970s, "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke"(Say it ain't so, Coke 24). The Jingle read like this:
- I'd like to teach the world to sing
- In perfect harmony.
- I'd like to buy the world a Coke
- And keep it company.
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- The change to the world's best selling soft drink was heard by 81 percent of the United States
- population within twenty-four hours of the announcement. Within a week of the change, one thousand
- calls a day were flooding the company's eight hundred number (1-800-GET-COKE). Most of the callers
- were shocked and/or outraged, many said that they were considering switching to Pepsi. Within six
- weeks, the eight hundred number was being jammed by six thousand calls a day. The company also
- fielded over forty thousand letters, which were all answered and each person got a coupon for the new
- Coke. A retired Air Force officer, explained in a letter to the Coca-Cola company that he wanted to be
- cremated and interred in a Coke can, but now that this change had come about he was
- reconsidering(Pendergrast Multiple pages). Sharlotte Donneally, a thirty-six year old anthropologist said,
- "I hate the new stuff"(Demott 60). Wendy Koskela, a thirty-five year old vice president of an insurance
- company said, "It's too sweet. It tastes like Pepsi." She also stated, "Real Coke had punch. This taste
- almost like it's flat"(Demott 60). Many American consumers of Coca-Cola asked if they would have the
- final say.
- When Pepsi heard that the Coca-Cola company was changing its secret formula they said that it
- was a decision that Pepsi tastes better. Roger Enrico, the president and CEO of Pepsi-Cola wrote a letter
- to every major newspaper in the U.S. to declare the victory, the letter read like this(Oliver 128):
- It gives me great pleasure to offer each of you my heartiest congratulations. After
- eighty-seven years of going at it eyeball to eyeball, the other guy just blinked. Coca-Cola is withdrawing
- their product from the marketplace, and is reformulating brand Coke to be more like Pepsi...There is no
- question the long-term market success of Pepsi has forced this move...Maybe they finally realized what
- most of us have known for years, Pepsi tastes better than Coke. Well, people in trouble tend to do
- desperate things...and we'll have to keep our eye on them. But for now, I say, victory is sweet, and we
- have earned a celebration. We're going to declare a holiday on Friday. Enjoy!
-
- Best Regards,
- Roger Enrico
- President, CEO
- Pepsi-Cola USA
-
- Coca-Cola officials said, "The new formula will boost Coke's share by 1 percent. That is worth
- 200 million dollars a year." Coca-Cola management had to decide: Do nothing or "buy the world a new
- Coke"(Things go better with Coke 14). They decided to develop the new formula. Roberto Goizueta, the
- president of the Coca-Cola Company stated, "The old Coke formula, with its secret flavoring ingredient,
- called Merchandise 7X, will stay locked in the Trust Company of Georgia bank vault in Atlanta, never to
- be used again"(Demott et. al 55). This is what many Coke officials said, "This is the most significant soft
- drink development in the company's history"(Demott et. al 54).
- The change back to the old Coke was known as the Second Coming. Roberto Goizueta said,
- "Today, we have two messages to deliver to the American consumer, first, to those of you who are
- drinking Coca-Cola with its great new taste, our thanks...But there is a second group of consumers to
- whom we want to speak to today and our message to this group is simple: We have heard you"(Oliver
- 178). On July 10, 1985, eighty-seven days after the new Coke was introduced, the old Coke was brought
- back in addition to the new one. This was greatly due to dropping market share and consumer protest.
- The market share fell from a high of 15 percent to a low of 1.4 percent(Miller 38).
- Roberto Goizueta and Donald Keough took full blame for this failed product launch. Don
- Keough, Coca-Cola president, said in response to the comeback, "The truth is we are not dumb and we are
- not that smart"(New bottle 18). Roberto Goizueta's response when the change about, "We have heard
- you"(Moore 8). This was said to be a classic marketing retreat. Coca-Cola executives admitted that they
- had goofed by taking the old Coke off the market. One old Coke loyalist said, "The company had spoiled
- the taste of its ninety nine year old soft drink and betrayed a national trust"(Moore 8). Ike Herbert, a Coke
- marketer said, "You would have thought we had invented a cure for cancer"(Pendergrast 366). The Coca-
- Cola company's eight hundred number received eighteen thousand calls of gratitude. One caller said they
- felt like a lost friend had returned home. The comeback of old Coke drove stock prices to the highest level
- in twelve years. This was said to be the only way to regain the lead on the cola wars(Classic comeback of
- an old champ 12).
- In 1979, fifteen hundred employees moved to the new corporate headquarters in Atlanta located
- on North Avenue. The new corporate headquarters came to be known as "The Tower." During the time
- when the research for the new formula was taking place, it was known as "The Bunker"(Oliver 53). The
- known ingredients in present day Coca-Cola are water. caffeine, phosphoric acid, vanilla, various oils and
- essences and extracts of the coca leaf and the kola nut. The one in four hundred part of cocaine was
- removed from Coca-Cola in 1903(Demott 54). Five years after the infamous Coke fiasco, the Coca-Cola
- company tried to bring back the reformulated Coke. The effort to phase in Coke II into the soda market
- was quite unsuccessful(Miller 38).
- During the Woodruff era, Mr. Woodruff made a promise to the armed forces of the United States
- to supply Coca-Cola to every serviceperson. He said that costs and location did not matter, he supplied 5
- billion bottles to the service. In the mid-1970's, more than half Coca-Cola sold was outside of the U.S.
- Coca-Cola products outsell closest competitor by more than two to one. One in every two colas and one in
- every three soft drinks is a Coca-Cola product(Facts, Figures, and Features 16). The best known
- trademark in the world is sold in about one hundred and forty countries to 5.8 billion people in eighty
- different languages. This is why Coca-Cola is the largest soft drink company in the world. Coca-Cola is
- worth more than 58 billion dollars on the stock market(Coca-Cola, The Coca-Cola Company 232).
- For more than 65 years, Coca-Cola has been a sponsor of the Olympics. The 1996 Summer
- Olympics will be held in Atlanta, Georgia, the home of Coca-Cola. One great earmark that the Coca-Cola
- company has is helping the people of Atlanta. They accomplish this through scholarships, hotlines,
- donations and contributions, etc. Another large accomplishment that the Coca-Cola has, is being the first
- company to make and use recycled plastic bottles. One way to see all of the achievements of the Coca-
- Cola company is to visit the World of Coke in Atlanta. It houses a collection of memorabilia, samples of
- the products, exhibits, and many other exciting items(Facts, Figures, and Features Multiple pages).
- All of what has been said is the basis of what Coca-Cola was built on. Without societies help,
- Coca-Cola could not have become over a 50 billion dollar business. Keep on consuming the world's
- favorite soft drink, Coca-Cola.
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